Statistical data fusion of multi-sensor AOD over the Continental United States

This article illustrates two techniques for merging daily aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from satellite and ground-based data sources to achieve optimal data quality and spatial coverage. The first technique is a traditional Universal Kriging (UK) approach employed to predict AOD from multi-sensor aerosol products that are aggregated on a reference grid with AERONET as ground truth. The second technique is spatial statistical data fusion (SSDF); a method designed for massive satellite data interpolation. Traditional kriging has computational complexity O(N³), making it impractical for large datasets. Our version of UK accommodates massive data inputs by performing kriging locally, while SSDF accommodates massive data inputs by modelling their covariance structure with a low-rank linear model. In this study, we use aerosol data products from two satellite instruments: the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer and the geostationary operational environmental satellite, covering the Continental United States.     

世界各国静止气象卫星发展综述

首先阐述了美国、欧洲气象卫星组织(EUMETSAT)、日本静止气象卫星的发展历史,从自旋稳定到三轴稳定,从单一载荷到多载荷并行工作,新一代的静止气象卫星的时间、空间和光谱分辨率都大幅提高,然后重点介绍了我国静止气象卫星风云二号和风云四号,相比于自旋稳定的风云二号气象卫星,风云四号卫星的功能和性能实现了跨越式的发展,接着简单介绍了俄罗斯、印度和韩国等其他国家静止气象卫星的发展状况,最后总结了不同时期各国静止气象卫星的发展特点,这对我国后续静止气象卫星的规划和研制有重要参考意义。     

在NCEPGDAS中同化MSG和GOES资料

首次将MSG-2（Meteosat Second Generation-2）卫星上的旋转增强可见光及红外成像仪（Spin—ning Enhanced Visibleand Infrared Imager,SEVIRI）的观测资料同化到美国国家环境预报中心（Na—tional Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP）全球资料同化系统（globaldataassimilationsys—tern,GDAS）中。对当前的地球静止业务环境卫星（Geostationary Operational Environmental Satel—lite,GOES）成像仪资料的同化问题也进行了进一步探讨。利用CRTM（The Community Radiative Transfer Model）模式,对SEVIRI辐射率观测资料进行了模拟。为了对红外辐射率资料进行模拟,CRTM模式中的几个关键部分得到改进,例如：动态更新地面发射率资料以及采用了快速精确的气体吸收模块。为了改进对SEVIRI和GOES成像仪辐射率资料的模拟效果,采用了GSICS（The Global Space—Based Inter—Calibration System）标定订正。初步研究结果表明,包含对SEVIRI辐射率资料的水汽通道（6．25和7．35μm）和二氧化碳通道（13．40μm）的同化对GFS（Global Forecast System）6d预报具有显著的正影响;而对其他5个SEVIRI红外窗口通道资料的同化则减小了这种正影响。通过应用GSICS标定算法,订正了SEVIRI和GOES-12成像仪观测资料的偏差,提高了对GFS预报的影响。此外,还需作进一步研究来提高对SEVIRI红外窗口通道辐射率资料同化的有效性。     

Multi-band Solar Full-disk Extreme Ultraviolet Imager

Solar Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) imaging observation is an important measure for the researches of solar activities and coronal plasma physics. But the traditional EUV imager and spectrograph can hardly achieve simultaneously the high spectral resolution and wide field-of-view of solar imaging. This paper has designed a new type of solar EUV multi-band imager, by adopting a kind of slitless grating and grazing incidence structure, it can realize the solar full-disk imaging of high spectral and spatial resolution. The field-of-view of the imager can be as broad as 47′. The spectral resolution is 2×10^?3nm per pixel, and the spatial resolution is 1.4′ per pixel. The temporal resolution of the solar full-disk is better than 60 s. The analysis of the solar full-disk spectral image and system response shows that the imager can observe the morphological evolutions of various solar activities, and can provide more comprehensive data for the researches of solar physics and space weather forecast.     

利用FY-3A近红外资料反演水汽总量

该文介绍了利用搭载在FY-3A卫星上的中分辨率光谱成像仪 (MERSI) 的近红外 (NIR) 通道反演大气水汽总量 (PWV) 的方法。根据预先建立的查找表,大气水汽总量可以通过水汽通道与窗区通道的卫星测值相比反演得到。对MERSI近红外水汽通道灵敏度进行估算,结果表明:处于吸收带两翼的905 nm和980 nm通道对不同水汽量的敏感性表现比较接近,对较大水汽含量最为敏感;当水汽较弱时,强吸收的940 nm通道非常敏感。基于这3个通道对水汽含量敏感性的不同表现,采用3个通道水汽总量的加权平均值作为PWV产品的最终反演值。文中设计了水汽总量业务算法反演流程,并基于FY-3A/MERSI最新观测资料进行晴空大气水汽总量的业务处理生成试验,顺利生成MERSI单轨道水汽总量产品及日拼图中国区域产品和全球产品,同时生成多天合成产品,产品反映出MERSI具有较好的近红外水汽探测能力。将卫星反演结果与探空数据进行初步比对检验,显示卫星反演值有20%~30%系统性偏低,需要进一步改进反演查找表。     

利用小波分析研究近地空间高能电子的周期变化特征

利用小波变换对GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites)系列卫星(GOES 10/11) 1999年3月至2010年12月和风云2号系列卫星(FY 2C/2D) 2004年10月至2012年5月记录的2 MeV高能电子通量变化情况进行了相关研究,发现GOES卫星观测到的高能电子通量存在明显的13.9 d、 27.7 d、 187.0 d和342.9 d周期, FY卫星观测到的高能电子通量存在明显的13.9 d、27.7 d、222.3 d和374.0 d周期,在某些年份GOES和FY卫星均存在9 d的周期,与地磁Dst (赤道环电流指数)、 AE (极光电射流指数)指数周期高度相似.将高能电子通量和Dst、AE指数进行交叉小波分析,并利用该算法的多分辨率特点以及时域、频域局部化分析方法,将数据按不同频率进行分解,从低频系数重构图像和交叉小波谱图可以清楚看出高能电子通量和地磁指数的关系.基于FY和GOES卫星高能电子通量良好的相关性,对多卫星高能电子通量变化短周期相同、中长周期不同进一步研究,对比发现不同地磁扰动引起的GOES和FY卫星高能电子通量变化存在各向异性,小磁暴也可以对高能电子通量造成和强磁暴一样的效果,并且某些时候存在地方时一致的24 h周期.这一结果表明对地磁宁静期高能电子研究至关重要,同时对理解太阳活动,预报高能电子能谱和预警深层充电事件以及验证预测磁暴、亚暴等事件具有重要意义.     

Assessment and Assimilation of FY-3 Humidity Sounders and Imager in the UK Met Office Global Model

China's Feng Yun 3(FY-3) polar orbiting satellites are set to become an important source of observational data for numerical weather prediction(NWP),atmospheric reanalyses,and climate monitoring studies over the next two decades.As part of the Climate Science for Service Partnership China(CSSP China) program,FY-3 B Microwave Humidity Sounder 1(MWHS-1) and FY-3 C MWHS-2 observations have been thoroughly assessed and prepared for operational assimilation.This represents the first time observations from China's polar orbiting satellites have been used in the UK's global NWP model.Since 2016,continuous data quality monitoring has shown occasional bias changes found to be correlated to changes in the energy supply scheme regulating the platform heating system and other transient anomalies.Nonetheless,MWHS-1 and MWHS-2 significantly contribute to the 24-h forecast error reduction by 0.3% and 0.6%,respectively,and the combination of both instruments is shown to improve the fit to the model background of independent sounders by up to 1%.The observations from the Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI) also are a potentially significant source of benefits for NWP models,but a solar-dependent bias observed in the instrument half-orbits has prevented their assimilation.This paper presents the bases of a correction scheme developed at the Met Office for the purpose of a future assimilation of MWRI data.     

气团订正对静止卫星成像仪资料同化在台风预报中的改进效果研究

基于美国台风预报系统（Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting,HWRF）,研究了气团订正方法对GOES-13/15静止卫星成像仪资料同化效果的改进作用,选取了2012年6月23日生成于大西洋地区的台风Debby作为研究对象,通过一组对照试验比较了气团订正前后台风路径和初始场相关物理量的差异,结果表明:气团订正能显著减小GOES-13/15静止卫星成像仪资料的系统偏差,明显提高台风路径的预报效果,气团订正使得预报的台风路径与观测路径的平均偏差和标准差降低了30%左右,提前6 h实现了台风路径的正确转向。物理机制分析表明,经过气团订正后的静止卫星资料增强了位于台风东南侧副热带高压的强度,同时增加了台风东部的温度和比湿,在引导气流和大气温、湿场的共同作用下,台风预报路径实现了正确转向。      

Multi-temporal remote sensing data applied in automatic land cover update using iterative training sample selection and Markov Random Field model

Automatic land cover update was an effective means to obtain objective and timely land cover maps without human disturbance. This study investigated the efficacy of multi-temporal remote sensing data and advanced non-parametric classifier on improving the classification accuracy of the automatic land cover update approach integrating iterative training sample selection and Markov Random Fields model when the historical remote sensing data were unavailable. The results indicated that two-temporal remote sensing data acquired in one crop growth season could significantly improve the classification accuracy of the automatic land cover update approach by approximately 3–4%. However, the support vector machine (SVM) classifier was not suitable to be integrated in the automatic land cover update approach, because the huge initially selected training samples made the training of the SVM classifier unrealizable.     

格点尺度对TRMM微波成像仪云水数据的影响

选取热带测雨卫星(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM)微波成像仪(TRMM Microwave Imager,TMI)液态水路径(liquid water path,LWP)轨道像元数据为研究对象,探讨了将瞬时探测以及逐月的像元数据进行格点化(0.1°、0.25°、0.5°、1.0°和2.5°五种格点分辨率)时,格点数据的失真情况。对TMI瞬时探测的个例分析结果表明,细分辨率(0.1°、0.25°和0.5°)格点能保留原始像元数据的细节;而随着网格变粗,细节受到较大的平滑。因此对于中尺度到天气尺度的天气系统分析而言,将卫星轨道数据处理到网格尺度不大于0.5°的格点更合适。对逐月LWP像元资料格点化处理的分析表明,细分辨率格点能保留LWP空间分布细节,尽管5种分辨率下LWP的概率密度分布(probability density function,PDF)均相近。因此,对月尺度及以上的气候分析研究而言,格点尺度大小对卫星像元数据格点化的影响不显著。最后利用本实验室计算的TMI/LWP格点数据与欧洲中期数值预报中心再分析资料(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis,ERA-Interim)和NCEP再分析资料(NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis,NCEP CFSR)进行了对比,发现两种再分析资料都高估了LWP;TMI/LWP格点数据与两种再分析资料LWP的多年变化趋势大致相同。